Introduction
Feline upper respiratory infections (URIs) are among the most common illnesses affecting cats, particularly those in multi-cat households, shelters, or catteries. These infections can be caused by a combination of viral and bacterial agents, leading to symptoms like sneezing, nasal discharge, and conjunctivitis. Understanding the causes, transmission, and care strategies is essential to ensure the well-being of affected cats and prevent outbreaks.
Viral Causes of URIs
Feline Herpesvirus (FHV-1)
The feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is responsible for approximately 80-90% of viral upper respiratory infections in cats. This virus attacks the nasal passages, sinuses, and eyes, leading to severe sneezing, conjunctivitis, and ocular discharge. Once a cat is infected, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate during periods of stress, making recurrent episodes possible.
Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is another major viral culprit. It often causes milder symptoms than FHV-1 but can lead to ulcers on the tongue, nose, and lips. FCV is highly resilient in the environment, surviving for months if not properly disinfected, and is a common cause of outbreaks in shelters or breeding facilities.
Bacterial Causes of URIs
While viruses often initiate the infection, secondary bacterial infections can worsen symptoms. Key bacterial contributors include:
Chlamydophila felis: Affects the eyes and respiratory tract, causing chronic conjunctivitis.
Bordetella bronchiseptica: Known for causing "kennel cough" in dogs, this bacteria can also infect cats, leading to sneezing and nasal discharge.
Mycoplasma species: Often complicates existing viral infections, contributing to severe respiratory distress.
These bacteria typically take advantage of weakened immune defenses caused by viral infections.
How URIs Spread in Cats
Feline URIs are highly contagious. Transmission occurs through:
Direct contact with infected cats via sneezing, grooming, or shared food bowls.
Airborne droplets released during sneezing or coughing.
Contaminated objects like bedding, toys, or human hands.
The incubation period is usually 2-10 days. Kittens, older cats, and immunocompromised felines are most vulnerable. Multi-cat environments require strict hygiene protocols to curb spread.
Recognizing Symptoms
Common signs of URIs include:
- Frequent sneezing and nasal discharge (clear to yellow-green).
- Watery or pus-filled eye discharge, conjunctivitis.
- Fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite.
- Ulcers on the mouth or nose (common with FCV).
- Difficulty breathing due to nasal congestion.
If symptoms worsen or persist beyond a week, seek veterinary care immediately.
Diagnosis and Veterinary Treatment
Veterinarians diagnose URIs through physical exams and may confirm specific pathogens using swabs or blood tests. Treatment plans depend on the severity and underlying cause:
Viral infections: No direct cure exists. Supportive care, such as antiviral eye drops, is critical.
Bacterial involvement: Antibiotics like doxycycline or azithromycin may be prescribed.
Symptomatic care: Nebulizers, subcutaneous fluids, and appetite stimulants can aid recovery.
Nursing an Infected Cat
Isolation is key to prevent transmission. Provide the following care at home:
Isolation: Keep the cat in a separate room with dedicated food bowls and litter boxes.
Nutrition: Offer warmed, strong-smelling foods to entice eating.
Hydration: Encourage water intake; use wet food or syringe fluids if necessary.
Cleanliness: Gently wipe eyes and nose with a damp cloth to remove discharge.
Humid environment: A humidifier or steam from a hot shower can ease congestion.
Avoid using human cold medications, as they can be toxic to cats.
Aftercare and Prevention
Once the infection resolves, take steps to reduce recurrence:
Vaccination: Core vaccines for FHV-1 and FCV are vital, even if they don't prevent infection entirely.
Sanitation: Disinfect bowls, bedding, and surfaces with a dilute bleach solution (1:32 ratio) or veterinary-approved products.
Stress reduction: Minimize changes in routine, as stress can trigger viral reactivation.
Quarantine new cats: Isolate newcomers for 2-3 weeks before introducing them to resident pets.
Conclusion
Feline upper respiratory infections are a significant concern due to their contagious nature and potential complications. By understanding the viral and bacterial causes, practicing strict hygiene, and seeking timely veterinary intervention, cat owners can support recovery and protect their feline companions from future outbreaks. Regular vaccination and environmental management remain the cornerstones of prevention.