Understanding the Danger
Antifreeze, a common household and automotive product, poses a severe threat to cats. Even a tiny amount can be fatal due to its deadly active ingredient: ethylene glycol. Cats are especially vulnerable because they may come into contact with antifreeze through spills, leaks, or contaminated surfaces, and its sweet taste can lure them to ingest it.
What Is Antifreeze?
Antifreeze is a coolant used in vehicle engines and household appliances to prevent freezing or overheating. The most hazardous type contains ethylene glycol, a colorless, odorless liquid with a sweet taste. While modern formulations may include bittering agents, many older products still lack these deterrents.
Why Antifreeze Is Lethal for Cats
Rapid Absorption: Ethylene glycol is absorbed into the bloodstream within minutes of ingestion.
Toxic Metabolites: The liver processes ethylene glycol into highly toxic substances that crystallize, damaging the kidneys and causing acute renal failure.
Minimal Exposure Needed: Just a few drops per pound of body weight (approximately 0.5 ml/kg) can be lethal. A cat could ingest a deadly dose by licking a contaminated paw after walking through a spill.
Signs of Antifreeze Poisoning
Symptoms progress rapidly, often within hours:
Stage 1 (0-12 hours post-ingestion): Vomiting, lethargy, uncoordinated movement (similar to intoxication), excessive thirst, and seizures.
Stage 2 (12-24 hours post-ingestion): Apparent recovery, masking the internal crisis.
Stage 3 (24-72 hours post-ingestion): Kidney failure, reduced or absent urination, tremors, coma, and death if untreated.
How Poisoning Occurs
Cats can encounter antifreeze in various environments:
- Spills or leaks under vehicles
- Open containers in garages or workshops
- Puddles outdoors after winter use
- Grooming after walking across contaminated surfaces
Prevention Tips
Store Safely: Keep antifreeze in sealed, cat-proof containers and store them in inaccessible areas.
Clean Spills Immediately: Use absorbent materials to clean even small spills, then disinfect the area.
Check Vehicles Regularly: Repair leaks promptly and park vehicles in enclosed spaces away from roaming cats.
Use Pet-Safe Alternatives: Opt for antifreeze containing propylene glycol (less toxic but still harmful in large doses) and avoid assuming it's safe for cats.
Winter Vigilance: Be cautious when handling ice melts or engine coolants; supervise cats if they're outdoors in winter.
First Aid and Treatment
Act Immediately: If antifreeze exposure is suspected or observed, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control center without delay.
Do Not Induce Vomiting: This risks further harm unless directed by a professional.
Veterinary Care: Treatment must begin within hours and may include activated charcoal, intravenous fluids, and antidotes like fomepizole or ethanol. Success depends on rapid intervention.
Final Thoughts
Antifreeze poisoning is preventable but nearly unstoppable once underway. Cat owners must prioritize vigilance, safe storage, and prompt action to protect their pets. Always assume antifreeze exposure is an emergency and seek professional help immediately.
By staying informed and proactive, you can safeguard your feline friend from this silent, preventable tragedy.